The study investigated particle number concentration, not mass. The comparison between the two sensors may differ when considering mass concentrations. This distinction is important, as the relationship between particle number and mass depends strongly on the particle size distribution and composition.
The Plantower PMS5003 is not meant to provide particle number concentrations. Instead, it is optimized to estimate PM mass concentrations for typical ambient air pollution. It can perform reasonably well for mass measurements when the particle size distribution resembles that of combustion-derived particulate matter.
The authors of the study concluded:
“For studies requiring more detailed knowledge of the particle size distribution of the aerosol measured, the Alphasense OPC-R1 should be preferred, although our previous study also showed that this sensor was less suited to report PM mass concentration for the two sources of PM used here.”
The two sources of PM that the authors have used were candle and incense smoke (in both cases combustion).